Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Forgings
ASTM B381 covers wrought titanium and titanium alloy forgings for use in general industrial, chemical, aerospace, marine, and medical applications. This includes:
Open-die, closed-die, ring, and disc forgings.
Forgings that are machined to final shape or supplied as rough stock.
Applicable Grades (UNS Designations)
|
Grade |
UNS Number |
Description |
|
Gr 1 |
R50250 |
Commercially pure (CP), highest ductility |
|
Gr 2 |
R50400 |
CP, widely used industrially |
|
Gr 3 |
R50550 |
CP, stronger than Gr 2 |
|
Gr 4 |
R50700 |
Strongest CP titanium |
|
Gr 5 |
R56400 |
Ti-6Al-4V, high strength, aerospace |
|
Gr 7 |
R52400 |
CP + Pd, corrosion resistant |
|
Gr 9 |
R56320 |
Ti-3Al-2.5V, moderate strength, weldable |
|
Gr 12 |
R53400 |
Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni, corrosion + moderate strength |
|
Gr 23 |
R56401 |
Ti-6Al-4V ELI, for medical use |
Other grades such as 15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn or Beta-C may be included by agreement.
Product Forms
Forgings can include:
Rings
Discs
Blocks
Hubs
Bars (rough turned)
Custom preforms for further machining or final parts
Can be supplied rough-forged or finish-machined per drawing.
Manufacturing Requirements
Forgings must be produced from ingot, bloom, billet, or bar conforming to ASTM specifications (e.g., B348).
May be open-die, closed-die, or isothermal forged.
Must be annealed, solution-treated, or aged depending on grade/application.
Grain flow must follow part geometry for strength-critical components.
Dimensions and Tolerances
As per customer specification or forging industry tolerances (e.g., per ANSI or ISO standards).
Machined forgings must meet dimensional accuracy within ±0.25 mm to ±1.5 mm, depending on size.
Rough forgings will follow agreed oversize allowances for subsequent machining.
Mechanical Properties (Annealed Condition – Typical)
|
Grade |
Tensile Strength (MPa) |
Yield Strength (MPa) |
Elongation (%) |
Area Reduction (%) |
|
Gr 2 |
≥ 345 |
≥ 275 |
≥ 20 |
≥ 30 |
|
Gr 5 |
≥ 895 |
≥ 828 |
≥ 10 |
≥ 25 |
|
Gr 23 |
≥ 860 |
≥ 795 |
≥ 10 |
≥ 25 |
Marking and Certification
Each forging shall be marked with:
ASTM B381
Grade
Heat or lot number
Manufacturer’s identification
Forging identification or drawing number (if applicable)
Mill Test Reports (MTR) must include:
Heat number traceability
Chemical composition
Mechanical test results
Heat treatment condition
NDT results (if performed)
Testing and Inspection
Chemical composition: As per the applicable grade (ASTM B348 or B265)
Mechanical testing: Tensile test from a representative sample or test coupon
Non-Destructive Testing: Visual and optional RT/PT/UT, especially for aerospace/medical use
Macrostructure / Microstructure: Required for aerospace or critical components
Hardness (if applicable): Required by some specifications
Typical Applications
Aerospace: Rings, discs, hubs for jet engines, landing gear
Medical: Orthopedic implant preforms, dental parts
Chemical: Valve bodies, impellers, high-purity fittings
Power: Turbine blades, compressor discs, generator parts
Marine: Propeller hubs, drive shafts, subsea components
Industrial: Flanges, forged blocks, pressure-containing parts
ASTM B348--Bar and billet(Often used as forging stock)
ASTM B265--Sheet/plate/strip(Not for forging, flat-rolled stock)
ASTM B367--Castings(Alternate form to forgings)
ASTM F136--Gr 23 forging for implants(Similar spec for medical grade)
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